Civil Pecuniary Penalties - Issues Paper 33

• General information
• Call for submissions
• Foreword
• List of questions
• Chapter 1 - Introduction
  • What are civil pecuniary penalties?
  • Why is the review needed?
  • Our approach
  • This Issues Paper
• Chapter 2 - Civil pecuniary penalties in New Zealand and the scope of our review
  • Existing civil pecuniary penalty regimes
  • Use of civil pecuniary penalties
  • Penalties outside the scope of our review
• Chapter 3 - The nature of civil pecuniary penalties
  • The criminal-civil divide
  • What is the nature of civil pecuniary penalties?
  • Is there anything wrong with a hybrid?
• Chapter 4 - What circumstances might justify the use of civil pecuniary penalties?
  • Regulation and civil pecuniary penalties
  • Other justifications for civil pecuniary penalties
  • Conclusion
• Chapter 5 - Design of civil pecuniary penalties - guiding principles
  • Fairness
  • Effective enforcement of regulatory regimes
  • Certainty
• Chapter 6 - The critical issues
  • Procedural and evidential rules
  • Standard of proof
  • Burden of proof
  • Privilege against self-exposure to a non-criminal penalty
  • Double jeopardy
  • Intention and defences
• Chapter 7 - Other elements of legislative design
  • Terminology and classification
  • Imposition
  • Instigation of proceedings
  • Setting maximum penalties in civil pecuniary penalty legislation
  • Guidance as to whether to impose a penalty
  • Guidance as to the level of penalty
  • Appeals
  • Limitation periods
• Chapter 8 - What form should our recommendations take?
  • Guidance for policy makers
  • Legislation
• Appendix 1 - Table of civil pecuniary penalty provisions
• Appendix 2 -Non-criminal penalties in other jurisdictions
  • Introduction
  • Australia
  • United Kingdom
  • Canada
  • United States
  • Germany
• Appendix 3 - Other forms of penalty
  • Non-judicial variable penalties
  • Administrative penalties
  • Infringement offences
  • Civil infringement notices
  • Criminal gain disgorgement penalties
  • Statutory damages under the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003